In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. While in theory y type organization, the management style is participative, employees are involved decision making, but the power retains to implement decisions. Theory x and theory y were developed in the 1960s and describe two different, almost opposite, attitudes to motivation in the workplace. That history will explain why theory ys view of human nature is incomplete. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Theory y managers are obviously the easiest to handle. Many years ago a professor named mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y.
In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Much more difficult to receive, from a feedback perspective, is a strictly theory x approach. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Theory y is mcgregors other modem view of the nature of man. Edwards deming w edwards deming was an american statistician who is associated with the rise of japan as a manufacturing nation. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. These theories are based on human behaviour in management. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960.
You may be theory n 65 theory y, on the other operate hand fro,s m opposite premises. Theory x employees are specialized and the same work cycle continues. Since their style of directing is encouraging, it only becomes a problem when its noticeably disingenuous or ineffective with the team as a whole. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory x type organizations seemed to believe. Get an answer for compare the theory x, theory y, and theory z assumptions of human relations. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y. Managers generally have one of two perspectives regarding their employees. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave.
International journal of scientific research and modern education ijsrme, issn online. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of. Jul 08, 2017 on the other extreme, theory y is diametrically opposite to theory x which shows the modern and dynamic approach to individuals and relies on the assumptions that are practical in nature. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Effective managers basically have an optimistic view of human nature theory y. Though no generalizations can be made, still, it appears that theory x is more related to the unskilled workers and uneducated lower class.
Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregors the human side of enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management theory y, which would be. Andrea, maksim and laura limitations of theory x and theory y cannot straight away determine everyone is either x or y some individuals might have a mix of theory x and y more than two ways to view on working people in the management. Abstract what motivates you to do a great job when you go to work. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Mcgregor considered theory x and theory y as two perspectives of administration action. Application theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, it has its place in large scale production operation and unskilled production line work. They also encourage teamwork, decision making and decentralization of authority. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. Theoryx and theoryy represent two exact opposites of extremes. In theory x type organization, management is authoritarian, and centralized control is maintained.
Theory x individuals believe people are untrustworthy, generally try to avoid work. In this section youll learn more about three different managerial styles and their impact on employee motivation. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. Hoping that coop game mode in chaos theory will work in some form or other. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. Theory x stresses the importance of strict supervision, external rewards, and penalties, while in contrast, theory y highlights the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages workers to approach tasks without direct supervision. Tom clancys splinter cell is a series of awardwinning stealth video games developed by ubisoft. I have seen class, race, gender, what college you went to, rank in the military even if you were in a civilian organization today be the grounds for making theory x or y assumptions about groups of people. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and.
We should emphasize that we have labeled these assumptions as a step beyond theory y because of mcgregors own recognition that the theory y assumptions would probably be supplanted by new. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Read this article to learn about mcgregors theory of x and theory y. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a.
Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Effective managers basically have an optimistic view of human naturetheory y. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Theory y provides opportunities to workers to take self direction, and initiative to encourage work environment.
External control threas an odft th punishmene t are not the only means for bringin abou effortg t toward organizational objectives. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory a for managing people and performance. Today, its widely accepted that good management requires a theory y orientation. Many years ago a professor named douglas mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. And if you do that, the minute your back is turned your employees will hit that spreadsheet with a vengeance. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce.
From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Splinter cellchaos theory video game pdf manual download. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. First proposed by mcgregor in 1960, theory x and theory y are two of the most famous innovations in organization development to come out of the mit sloan school of management. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. Theory x and theory y mcgregor suggests that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people applies self control and self direction in the pursuit of organizational objectives theories in the 21st century theory y today in the 21st century, there is an emphasis on. How american management can meet the japanese challenge. As you read, see if the descriptions fit anyone you have worked for.
Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y. Explanation of fourteen points of management by edward deming. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play o restr. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do.
The protagonist, sam fisher, is presented as a highlytrained agent of a fictional blackops subdivision within the nsa, dubbed third echelon. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it may be the system. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self. Identify each managers comments about employees according to the theory x and theory y as given below. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. It contains assumptions which he believed could lead to greater motivation and better fulfillment of both individual needs and organizational goals. It also suggests, by being a precursor to x and y in the alphabet, that we are talking about a theory. Be careful with it now because i will not bear this messy work like you did the last time.
A subreddit to discuss anything and everything related to tom clancys splinter cell. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Introduction theory x and y was developed by douglas mcgregor, a social psychologist in 1960. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people. Theory w is a nice name for the theory of talent management i am starting to make up. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2. Mcgregor suggested that employees are split into these two types. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Theory y, is an advanced theory, wherein it is assumed that the workers are selfdirected and selfmotivated, for growth and development and takes active part in decision making.
You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Kopelman and others published theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories find, read and cite all the research you need on. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. Theory x is a motivational theory, which involves high supervision and control over the subordinates, and greater degree of centralization. He has given two pairs of assumptions about human beings which were implied by the actions of managers in the organization. Feedback from a theory x and theory y perspective design shack. Theory x and theory y is a concept that divides people into two groups based on their assumptions about others. May 12, 2014 theory x and theory y is a concept that divides people into two groups based on their assumptions about others. On the other extreme, theory y is diametrically opposite to theory x which shows the modern and dynamic approach to individuals and relies on the assumptions that are practical in nature.
Do you care about the goals of the organization that you work for, or do you focus more on getting a regular paycheck to bring home. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor. Ubisoft splinter cellchaos theory manual pdf download. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. If theory y holds, an organization can apply these principles of scientific management to improve employee motivation. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. Ineffective managers, by contrast, tend to assume that people are lazy and unreliabletheory x. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style.
Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. It follows the same algebraicunknown nomenclature scheme of theory x and theory y that suggests that well never really know the whole answer. View and download ubisoft splinter cellchaos theory manual online. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation.
I honestly cant wait to download them all once i get home. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. The theories attempt to show how a managers perception of his team affects the. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Jan 28, 2017 douglas mcgregor introduced two theories called as theory x and theory y based on the distinct views of human beings. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. They discover the ways in which worker can make a contribution to an organization. No person on this earth can belong to these extreme behaviors.
As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. If you believe your employees will do the best they can. The result was theory za development beyond theory x and theory y that blended the best of eastern and western management practices. Oct, 2017 to learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at. Ouchis theory first appeared in his 1981 book, theory z. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. Theory x is formulated on the traditional approach to human behavior, which states that severe form of leadership must be used to persuade workers towards achieving the organizational goals. Theory x assumes that people dislike work and will avoid doing anything they dont have to do. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y styles of management. Theory x, theory y the mit campaign for a better world.